publications

2025

1. LAW @ NeurIPS

   Language-conditioned world model improves policy generalization by reading environmental descriptions

   Anh Nguyen and Stefan Lee

   In Bridging language, agent, and world models for reasoning and planning (LAW) at NeurIPS 2025, San Diego, CA, Dec 2025

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   To interact effectively with humans in the real world, it is important for agents to understand language that describes the dynamics of the environment—that is, how the environment behaves—rather than just task instructions specifying "what to do". For example, a cargo-handling robot might receive a statement like "the floor is slippery so pushing any object on the floor will make it slide faster than usual". Understanding this dynamics-descriptive language is important for human-agent interaction and agent behavior. Recent work address this problem using a model-based approach: language is incorporated into a world model, which is then used to learn a behavior policy. However, these existing methods either do not demonstrate policy generalization to unseen games or rely on limiting assumptions. For instance, assuming that the latency induced by inference-time planning is tolerable for the target task or expert demonstrations are available. Expanding on this line of research, we focus on improving policy generalization from a language-conditioned world model while dropping these assumptions. We propose a model-based reinforcement learning approach, where a language-conditioned world model is trained through interaction with the environment, and a policy is learned from this model—without planning or expert demonstrations. Our method proposes Language-aware Encoder for Dreamer World Model (LED-WM) built on top of DreamerV3. LED-WM features an observation encoder that uses an attention mechanism to explicitly ground language descriptions to entities in the observation. We show that policies trained with LED-WM generalize more effectively to unseen games described by \textitnovel dynamics and language compared to other baselines in several settings in two environments: MESSENGER and MESSENGER-WM.To highlight how the policy can leverage the trained world model before real-world deployment, we demonstrate the policy can be improved through fine-tuning on synthetic test trajectories generated by the world model.

   @inproceedings{led_wm,
     title = {Language-conditioned world model improves policy generalization by reading environmental descriptions},
     author = {Nguyen, Anh and Lee, Stefan},
     year = {2025},
     month = dec,
     booktitle = {Bridging language, agent, and world models for reasoning and planning (LAW) at NeurIPS 2025},
     location = {San Diego, CA},
     dimensions = {true},
   }